Apparatus for measuring the transmissive power of the atmosphere employing two transmitters and receivers

ABSTRACT

Process and device for measuring the transmissive power of the atmosphere wherein, on one hand, each transmitter is under control, so that the signals received from said transmitter by the associated respective receiver are kept at a constant value and, on the other hand, the signals having passed through the atmosphere and received from the remote transmitter, by each receiver, are applied to an operational circuit performing their half-sum, the output of which is characteristic of the transmissive power.

United States Patent Hanff et al'.

APPARATUS FOR MEASURING THE TRANSMISSIVE' POWER OF THE ATMOSPHERE EMPLOYING TWO TRANSMITTERS AND RECEIVERS Inventors: Michel Max Hanif, Bailly; Stephane Chambolle, Paris, both of France 'Assignee: Compagnie des Compteurs, Paris,

France Filed: Feb. 15, 1971 Appl. No.: 106,672

Foreign Application Priority Data Jan. 19, 1970 France ..7001805 US. Cl ..356/206, 250/218 1m. ..G01n 21/22 Field of Search ..356/206, 201, 205; 250/218 References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS Towner ..356/205 [451 Oct. 17, 1972 Primary l ixaminer- -Ronald L. Wibert Assistant Examiner-Orville B. Chew, ll Attorney-Pierce, Schefiler & Parker 57 ABSTRACT- Process and device for measuring the transmissive power of the atmosphere wherein, on one hand, each transmitter is under control, so that the signals 'received from said transmitter by the associated respective receiver are kept at a constant value and, on the other hand, the signals having passed through the atmosphere and received from the remote transmitter, by each receiver, are applied to an operational circuit performing their half-sum, the output of which is characteristic of the transmissive power.

- 6 Claims, 3 Drawing Figures Rafa-vice Referen t! v 63 \Ic1 dg2 Vo/fa q p a U Ra demodu APPARATUS FOR MEASURING THE TRANSMISSIVE POWER OF THE ATMOSPHERE EMPLOYING TWO TRANSMITTERS AND RECEIVERS This invention relates to modifications and improve ments brought to the device for measuring the transmissive power of the atmosphere, object of the French Pat. Applications No. PV 165 207, No. PV 179 985,

' No.69 09 279. v

' The device, according to said Applications, is provided on each end of the measuring path, with an optical-electronic transmitter-receiver assembly, the two assemblies being identical and co-axial, means for separating the signals received by a receiver from its associated transmitter and by the remote transmitter and a circuit to perform the ratio of the products of homologous signals sent by each receiver. Said ratio is then proportional to the square of the transmissive power.

. Consequently these arrangements require a computing circuit designed to perform, on one hand, the ratio of the above mentionedproducts, on the other hand, the extraction of the square root of said ratio to obtain the transmissive power.

Thepresent invention simplifies the computation of the transmissive power by means of additional arrangements allowing to utilize for this computation, only the signals sent on the measuring path and based on the fact that on each of the measuring paths, the signals which are received and which are proportional to the transmissive power, have values very substantially close to an average value.

The device according to the invention is characterized by the fact that, on the one hand, each of the transmitters is under control so that the signals received from said transmitter through the associated receiver are kept at a constant value and that, on the other hand, the signals received from the remote transmitter by each receiver are applied to an operational circuit making their half-sum.

Under these conditions, the signals received by a receiver from the'associated transmitter and kept at a constant value are only utilized to stabilize the emission level of said transmitter, while the signals received from the remote transmitter are the only ones which are utilized into the operational circuit which can be composed of only an operational amplifier of a standard type.

The invention will be better understood by referring to the following detailed description. Embodiment of the invention isshown by way of none restrictive example in the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a variant of the embodiment shown on FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram.

Referring now to the drawings, the same references as in the above mentioned Patent Applications, have been kept, and the two transmitter-receiver assemblies have been shown respectively placed at each end of a measuring atmospheric path.

As shown on FIG. 1, at the two ends of an atmospheric path to be studied are placed two identical optical and electrical assemblies essentially composed of the transmitter-receiver elements la, 5a and lb, 5b

similar to the ones utilized in the above mentioned Patent Applications. The two radiation transmitters la, lb are respectively fed by power generatorsZa, 2b and they are placed behind convergent optics 3a, 3b. Each of the convergent mirrors 4a, 4b picks up a determined portion of the radiation transmitted by the source of the opposite assembly. These mirrors send back the radiation onto the photosensible receivers 5a and 5b respectively. The mirrors 4a, 4b and optics 3a, 3b are pointed whereby the optical axis coincide, to obtain-the maximal coupling between the source la, and receiver 5b, on one hand, and the source 1b and receiver-5a on the other hand. Consequently there are two-beams of rays related to the atmospheric sample under study, one of the beams of rays being composed of rays such as 6a, and the other beam of rays which is pointed to the opposite direction being composed of rays such as Units 7a,v 7b represent reference optical paths which are short and stable by realizing a low but constant coupling between source la and receiver 5a, and between source lb and receiver 5b respectively. Such units can be formed by an arrangement of plane mirrors or, more advantageously and as represented, by bunches of threads of glass called optical fibers. Thus the bunches 7a and 7b respectively, return a part of the radiations sent from transmitter 1a and 1b respectively, directly to their associated receiver 5a, 5b or through the spherical mirror 4a and 4b respectively.

The attention is called to the assembly shown on the left side of the FIG. 1; said assembly includes the radiation transmitter la fed form an oscillator a at a frequency F through a controlled power amplifier 62a and the photosensitive receiver 5a. The transmitter la is placed behind a convergent optics 3a in view of exciting, through the measuring optical path, the remote receiver 5b related to the second assembly.

A fraction of the radiations transmitted by source la is pointed towards the associated receiver 5a, through a reference optical path 7a, for example an optical fiber, realizing a constant optical coupling between these two elements. A convergent mirror 4a picks up a determined portion of the radiation transmitted by the source of the second assembly and sends back said radiation to the receiver 5a. Said receiver 5a is followed by a power amplifier 8a, by separating components composed of two filters 911, 10a, of which one of said filters is tuned to the frequency F, of local oscillator 6 0a and the other filter to the frequency F of the oscillator 60b of the remote assembly, and also by two demodulators 63a, 64a connected respectively to local oscillator 60a and to the oscillator of remote assembly 60b.

According to the invention, the output'of demodulator 63a is connectedto one of the inputs of a comparator 66a fed on the second input thereof by a reference voltage URa and the output of said comparator is connected to the gain control of amplifier 62a.

Besides, the output of demodulator 64a is connected to one of the inputs of an operational circuit 65 having a second input connected to the output of homologous demodulator 64b of the other assembly.

At the output of said circuits assembly there are four different electrical signals A, B, C, D respectively appearing on the demodulators 63a, 64a and 63b, 64b.

The following is so designated:

E, and E, are the powers radiated by the sources 1a and lb respectively.

0, and the respective transmission coefficients of optics 3a and 3b.

M, and M the respective retransmission coefficients of the mirrors 4a and 4b.

5, and S the respective sensitiveness of receivers 5a and 5b.

R, and R, are the respective transmission coefficients of reference units 7a and 7b.

G, and G are the respective gains of amplifiers 8a and 8b.-

K the transmissive power of the atmosphere for the considered atmospheric path.

Besides, it is assumed that separative elements or filters 9a, 9b, 10a and 10b, do not introduce any sensible alteration of the electrical signals they have to transmit, which can easily occur when electrical filters are utilized as separative elements.

The different signals A, B, C and D have the following values: I

A E, R, S, G,

The comparator 66a sends at the output thereof a signal which is proportional to the difference between signal A and the reference voltage UR, and sends signal operating on the gain of amplifier 62a in a way to constantly remove said difference. The amplifier 62a is thus servoed.

To this end, the comparator 66a can be composed of a'differential amplifier sending a signal proportional to the algebraic difference of the signals A and UR,applied a the input of the same.

The operating point of amplifier 62a is designed to obtain UR A, the output of comparator 66a being zero; A being defined by the characteristics of other parameters (7a 5a, 8a) which intervene in the expression thereof according to the above formula. When the value of A varies, the operating point of amplifier 62a is modified under the effect of the differential voltage A UR, or UR, A, whereby the resultant gain variation returns, through the servo, the value of A to the reference value UR,,. Thus, the amplifier 62a ensures the emission level of source la. The result is that term A is constant and that in the second assembly it is the same for the term D.

Moreover, since the coefficients R, and R are also constant by construction, the products E,S, and E 8 are also constant, in assuming that the gains G, and G, of amplifier 8a and the homologue thereof do not vary.

Consequently the product B X C can be simplifier into B X C constant X K the constant being equal t5! E282 G1G2H'02M101M2.

So, with no consideration to the constant, K V

found. For that purpose, first must be individually excited the source 1a at frequency F, and at output of demodulator 64b is obtained the signal C which is measured. Then is individually excited the source 1b at frequency F and at output of demodulator 64a is obtained the signal B which is measured.

These two signals having to be approximately equal because of the symmetry of the two channels of the device, their disparity allows to deduce the existence of a trouble on one of the channels.

Consequently, if the ,two signals B and C have not very close values, it can be assumed that probably there is a modification in the constant of proportion, taking into consideration the transmission coefficients of the optics, such modifications can result from a dirty optical element. The comparison made between the two signals thus indicates the requirement of cleaning.

In another particular embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 2, the assemblies 1a, lb are electroluminescent diodes which are fed by pulse generators. The duration of the pulses is less than the time taken by light for traversing the atmospheric path studied. In this figure, where the same members as those of FIG. 1 have the same reference numerals, a short pulse generator 16 simultaneously feeds the electric power amplifiers 62a and 62b connected to the electroluminescent diodes 1a and lb. The power pulses E,, E then radiated by the diodes la and 1b, are shown on FIG. 3, lines a and d.

The current pulse E, S,, delivered by the receiver 5a under the energizing of the radiation of the diode 1a, is shown on line b. It is practically simultaneous with the pulse E,, line a. On the contrary, the current pulse delivered by the receiver 5b, under the influence of the diode la, is offset by the time taken by the light to traverse the atmospheric path as shown at E, 8,, line c.

The lines e and f show that the same phenomenon takes place with regard to the power pulses transmitted by the electroluminescent diode 1b.

Each of the receivers 5a, 5b thus successively delivers two pulses, shown by E, S, (line b) and E, S, (linef) for the receiver 5a by E 8 (line e) and E, 8, (line c) for the receiver 5b. The separation of these signals is done by two groups of two electronic switches or gate circuits, for instance, the circuits AND 19a, 20a, 19b, 20b, which are piloted by the pulse generator 16 in such manner that the four sought signals A, B, C, D as above mentioned appear each individually on the conductorsll, 12, 13, 14.

The signals A and D available at output of gates 20a and 20b are utilized, as previously to return them to their reference value; comparators 66a and 66b determine the gain of amplifiers 62a and 62b, the input signals of said amplifiers are sent through generator 16 at instant to. Besides, the signals B and C simultaneously available at the output of gates 19a and 19b, are applied onto an operational circuit 65' to obtain their average value.

The invention relates to the visibility measurement of radiative objects or sources, especially to ground-lights on aerodrome tracks.

We claim:

1. A device for measuring the transmissive power of the atmosphere between two points determining a measuring path comprising two light transmitters, at least one of them .being placed at one of the points to send a light signal to the other point through the atmosphere under study and the transmissive power of which is to be measured two receivers, one of them at least receiving the light signal having been sent through the atmosphere a set of optical paths independent of the atmosphere under study and optically connecting the receivers to the respective transmitters whereby each receiver receives two data, at least one of them being applied through one of the optical paths independent of the atmosphere means to separate the two data received by each receiver connected thereto to differentiate the data sent to each of them through the optical paths independent of the atmosphere from the one having passed through the atmosphere and wherein on one hand, each transmitter is under control so that the signals received from said transmitter by the associated respective receiver are kept at a constant value and on the other hand, the signals having passed through the atmosphereand received from the remote transmitter, by each receiver, are applied to an operational circuit performing their half-sum the output of which is characteristic of the transmissive power.

2. Device as set forth in claim 1, comprising two identical transmitter-receiver units which are respectively arranged at said two points determining the measuring path, an optical circuit insulated from the atmosphere under study provided for connecting the transmitter to the receiver of each unit, an optical system associated with each unit for sending a light signal coming from each transmitter of each unit on to the receiver of the other unit, at least one modulated power generator connected to said transmitters for feeding said transmitters, sothat each receiver receives direct information from the transmitter to which it is connected and an information having traversed the atmosphere, two sets of two separating devices respectively connected to each receiver for separating the signals received in two distinct data and apply the datato said operational circuit.

3. Device as set forth in claim 2, comprising two electric power generators modulated at different frequency for feedingeach transmitter, and frequency filters for forming said separating devices.

4. Device as set forth in claim 2, comprising an electric power pulse generator, whose period is of duration less than the time required for the light to go form one point to the other, directly connected to each trans- UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF coRREcTioN 3,698,820 Dated Octoher 17, 1972 Patent No.

Michel Max Hanff et a1.

Inventor(s) It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:

On the cover sheet (22) "Filed: Feb. 15, 1971" should read Filed: Jan. ,15, 1971 Claim 5,

line .2,v "if" should read is Signed and sealed this 8th day of May 1973.

(SEAL) Attest:

EDWARD M-FLE'PCHER, JR ROBERT GO'ITSCHALK At'testing Officer Commissioner of Patents F ORM PO-OSO (10-69) USCOMM-DC 60376-P69 11.5 GOVERNMENT PRINTING DFFICE: I969 0-366-334, 

1. A device for measuring the transmissive power of the atmosphere between two points determining a measuring path comprising two light transmitters, at least one of them being placed at one of the points to send a light signal to the other point through the atmosphere under study and the transmissive power of which is to be measured ; two receivers, one of them at least receiving the light signal having been sent through the atmosphere ; a set of optical paths independent of the atmosphere under study and optically connecting the receivers to the respective transmitters whereby each receiver receives two data, at least one of them being applied through one of the optical pathS independent of the atmosphere ; means to separate the two data received by each receiver connected thereto to differentiate the data sent to each of them through the optical paths independent of the atmosphere from the one having passed through the atmosphere ; and wherein on one hand, each transmitter is under control so that the signals received from said transmitter by the associated respective receiver are kept at a constant value and on the other hand, the signals having passed through the atmosphere and received from the remote transmitter, by each receiver, are applied to an operational circuit performing their half-sum the output of which is characteristic of the transmissive power.
 2. Device as set forth in claim 1, comprising two identical transmitter-receiver units which are respectively arranged at said two points determining the measuring path, an optical circuit insulated from the atmosphere under study provided for connecting the transmitter to the receiver of each unit, an optical system associated with each unit for sending a light signal coming from each transmitter of each unit on to the receiver of the other unit, at least one modulated power generator connected to said transmitters for feeding said transmitters, so that each receiver receives direct information from the transmitter to which it is connected and an information having traversed the atmosphere, two sets of two separating devices respectively connected to each receiver for separating the signals received in two distinct data and apply the data to said operational circuit.
 3. Device as set forth in claim 2, comprising two electric power generators modulated at different frequency for feeding each transmitter, and frequency filters for forming said separating devices.
 4. Device as set forth in claim 2, comprising an electric power pulse generator, whose period is of duration less than the time required for the light to go form one point to the other, directly connected to each transmitter, and two sets of two gate circuits respectively connected to said two receivers, to said pulse generator and said operational circuit for forming said separating device of data brought to this operational circuit.
 5. Device as set forth in claim 1 in which each transmitter-receiver unit is formed by an electroluminescent diode optically coupled with a junction photo-detector.
 6. Device as set forth in claim 1 in which the optical paths insulated from the atmosphere to be studied are formed by at least one optical fiber. 